{"id":3822,"date":"2020-07-17T16:34:07","date_gmt":"2020-07-17T06:34:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.oldtreasurybuilding.org.au\/?page_id=3822"},"modified":"2022-03-08T07:42:44","modified_gmt":"2022-03-07T20:42:44","slug":"the-yanks-are-coming","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.oldtreasurybuilding.org.au\/work-for-victory\/the-yanks-are-coming\/","title":{"rendered":"The Yanks are Coming!"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\"\"\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t

Navigation<\/h2>\nWomen in the paid workforce<\/a>
\n
The Question of Equal Pay<\/a>
\n
Volunteering for Victory<\/a>
\nThe Yanks are Coming!<\/strong>
\n
Housewives to Action!<\/a>
\n
Civil Defence<\/a>
\n
Women in the Armed Services<\/a>
\n
Caring for the Troops<\/a>
\n
Australian Womens Land Army<\/a>
\n
A Women\u2019s world in post-war Victoria<\/a>\n\t

The American \u2018invasion\u2019<\/h2>\n

When the Americans arrived in early 1942 civilian morale was at an all-time low.\u00a0 The Japanese advance through South-East Asia had been relentless, while the fall of Singapore in February sent shockwaves around the world. Darwin was bombed shortly afterwards and for the first time, the invasion of Australia seemed imminent. Not surprisingly, the arriving Americans were greeted as saviours as well as allies. When Supreme Commander in the Southwest Pacific General Douglas Macarthur arrived at Spencer Street Station on 21 March, he received a welcome usually reserved for royalty.\u00a0 Thousands lined the streets to watch his black limousine drive by en route to the Menzies Hotel in Collins Street.<\/p>\n

Accommodating the American servicemen was quite a logistical feat. While the officers booked out all available accommodation in the city\u2019s hotels, their men bunked down in makeshift camps in the suburbs.\u00a0 The largest of these, Camp Pell, was erected in Royal Park in Parkville, but others were hastily assembled at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, at Fawkner Park in South Yarra, on the Port Melbourne Football Ground and in Frankston. Soon the city was thronged with jovial groups of Americans, all intent on a good time before they journeyed north. Those whose arrival coincided with the Easter holiday weekend were to be sorely disappointed, as most of the city shut down for three days.\u00a0 A joke said to be circulating around the American camps at this time described Melbourne as \u2018half as big as the New York Cemetery and twice as dead\u2019!\u00a0 But the city soon made up for it. Melbourne\u2019s pubs and cafes served up a steady diet of hamburgers and hot dogs, washed down with Coca Cola (and beer), while the dance halls ran into the early hours of the morning to keep the visitors entertained. Melbourne at this time was said to be the \u2018best liberty port in the world\u2019.<\/p>\n\t

\u2018Victory Girls\u2019<\/h2>\n

From the start of the war Victorian women had been asked to donate their time entertaining soldiers on leave and acting as \u2018Victory Girls\u2019 at dances.\u00a0 Now that hospitality extended to the Americans. Australians were familiar with some aspects of American culture through the cinema, but few had direct experience of the country or its people. The press and magazines like the Australian Women\u2019s Weekly <\/em>hastened to provide tips on everything from American slang to food preferences. Families were urged to invite visitors home for a meal, and it seems that many were eager to oblige.\u00a0 At the same time the American Army printed a guide to Australia for its troops, and produced films to send home about their experiences \u2018down under\u2019. These were invariably happy and wholesome. What they did not say was that the troops were also issued with condoms, along with stern warnings about the dangers of infection from sexually-transmitted disease. Posters in the camps warned of the dangers of seductive women, however innocent they might appear.<\/p>\n\t

There was huge excitement in March 1942 when the first of the American servicemen to be stationed in Australia arrived in Melbourne. By June there were 30,000 Americans in the city and near suburbs, with pubs, cafes, cinemas and dance halls all doing a roaring trade. Melburnians embraced Coca-Cola, hamburgers and by all accounts the Yanks themselves, with great enthusiasm.\u00a0 With their generous pay, smart uniforms and congenial manners, the American servicemen were soon in demand as escorts, and young women flocked to the city to meet them. But others were less enthusiastic. Moralists warned of a tide of \u2018immorality\u2019 sweeping the city, while Australian servicemen resented the competition from the better-paid Americans. More than one brawl broke out on the streets between rival service groups.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\"Dont_Risk_it\"\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t

\u2018Don\u2019t risk it feller\u2019, poster, early 1940s<\/strong><\/p>\n

Reproduced courtesy City of Melbourne Art and Heritage Collection<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

This public health education poster \u2013 \u2018FOR EXHIBITION IN BROTHELS ONLY\u2019 \u2013 aimed to reduce the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases. Servicemen were also warned about \u2018amateurs\u2019 \u2013 young women who were not prostitutes, but were prepared to experiment with sex during the war, often for gifts and treats. There was little discussion about the men themselves spreading infection.<\/p>\n\t

\u2018Over-paid, over-sexed and over here\u2019!<\/h2>\n

The American visitors soon found themselves popular. They were better paid than their Australian counterparts and better dressed.\u00a0 American uniforms were smart, made of a superior fabric, and each soldier was provided with two uniforms, along with access to a regular laundry service.\u00a0 The Australian issue by contrast, was a single woollen uniform, which was seldom cleaned. The Americans were also said to be courteous escorts, polite and generous with gifts \u2013 flowers, chocolates and the highly-prized (new) \u2018nylons\u2019 (nylon stockings). \u00a0It was an irresistible combination in wartime Melbourne and the Australian soldiers found they had formidable competition. Inevitably, this led to resentment. American troops were said to be \u2018over-paid, over-sexed and over here\u2019 and eventually the conflict developed into outright violence. In December 1942 a large brawl between Australians and American servicemen took place at the corner of Flinders and Elizabeth Streets, before a crowd of over 1,000 spectators. A further outbreak in February 1943 was dubbed the \u2018Battle of Melbourne\u2019 and saw mounted police called into the city for the first time in a decade. There were few casualties, but authorities in the two services invested in some determined fence-mending thereafter, hoping to restore peace and friendship.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Wartime romance<\/h2>\n

In the highly-charged atmosphere of wartime, some romances developed quickly. The first marriage between a Victorian woman and an American soldier took place in February 1942, after an acquaintance of just one week.\u00a0 By June more than 250 such marriages had taken place, but after this men required the permission of an officer to marry. The first Australian wife of an American serviceman travelled to the United States in May 1942, but most remained in Victoria for the duration of the war, or longer.\u00a0 The American Government accepted no obligation to convey these wives to America and did not offer citizenship until they had been resident for some time, leaving some women in an invidious position \u2013 literally stateless. But many were undeterred and some 12,000 marriages took place in Australia during the war years. One group of such \u2018war brides and fianc\u00e9es\u2019 formed a support network and held regular meetings and social events in Melbourne. By the end of the war, many had children.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Sin city<\/h2>\n

Although Australians as a whole welcomed the arrival of the American servicemen, some disapproved strongly of what they saw as widespread immorality in Melbourne\u2019s dance parlours, cinemas and even in the streets.\u00a0 Girls as young as 14 or 15 were said to be wandering the city drunk, hoping to \u2018pick up\u2019 GIs. Melbourne gained a reputation in some quarters as \u2018sin city\u2019. There was open speculation about growing numbers of \u2018amateur\u2019 women prepared to experiment with sex during these years, and an increasing sense of moral panic predicting a rising tide of venereal disease.\u00a0 Although the venereal disease outbreak was largely imagined, it saw some very real consequences, with increased surveillance of women in the city, and women banned from drinking in the public bars of hotels, or from purchasing alcohol in railway cafes. The drinking age was also raised to 21 (from 18) in 1942.\u00a0 Young, working class women were particular targets of this attempted crack-down. \u00a0A special police squad was formed, equipped with a small van and unlit bicycles, to tour city parks and gardens, but the panic was relatively short-lived. By June many of the American troops had moved to the north and Melbourne returned to wartime normality.\u00a0 It was also a bitterly cold winter \u2013 a major deterrent for trysts in parks and gardens! The arrival of the American marines on a long spell of leave early in 1943 saw another flurry of anxiety and police stepped up their covert surveillance once again, but with little apparent success. Melbourne\u2019s enthusiasm for the Yanks was undiminished.<\/p>\n

There is some evidence that the war years did, indeed, present some young women with the opportunity for sexual experimentation, despite the obvious risk of an unwanted pregnancy. This might not have extended beyond heavy petting in many cases, but historians have speculated that these wartime romances may have introduced more women to the experience of sexual pleasure. One young student teacher wrote later of her \u2018experience\u2019 with her \u2018Yank boyfriend\u2019.<\/p>\n\t

Anyway, I can tell my Grandchildren at least during those momentous days when Australia was rapidly accumulating thousands upon thousands of Yanks, when Melbourne went bad, and every girl discussed her \u2018pick-ups\u2019, I too had a little experience.<\/em><\/p>\n\t

The \u2018Brownout Strangler\u2019<\/h2>\n

The love affair with all-things American was severely tested in May 1942 when a series of horrible murders took place in Melbourne. The first was on 3 May, when forty-year-old Ivy McLeod was found beaten and strangled, her body left in a shop entrance in Albert Park. The motive was clearly not robbery, as Ivy\u2019s purse was still with her body.\u00a0 Rumours began to circulate that an American soldier had been seen in the vicinity on the night of her murder. When a second woman, Pauline Thompson, was found similarly strangled only six days later, fear gripped the city. Speculation that Melbourne was being stalked by a \u2018Brownout Strangler\u2019 was rife, as was the rumour that one of the American soldiers was responsible. Once again, Pauline was said to have been seen in the company of a young man with an American accent. Women everywhere were warned to be careful and employers began to insist that female employees be escorted to the tram or train if they were working late. Brownout regulations created a gloomy city at night\u2013 dark, shadowy and threatening \u2013 and the climate of fear was palpable.<\/p>\n

The third and final victim was Gladys Hosking. An employee of the Chemistry Department of the University of Melbourne, Gladys was walking home through Royal Park when she was attacked and strangled. This time there were clear reports from witnesses who claimed to have seen a dishevelled American soldier in the vicinity. Then more witnesses came forward \u2013 women who had been threatened but had escaped, and the police closed in on Camp Pell. In the end Private Edward Leonski\u2019s erratic behaviour aroused the suspicions of his tent mates, and he confessed to the murders.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\"Newspaper\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t

Court martial and execution<\/h2>\n

In a highly unusual legal move, General MacArthur insisted that Leonski be tried by an American court martial, rather than in the Victorian courts. Although clearly disturbed, he was judged to be sane by American Army psychologists, and was found guilty on 17 July. The sentence was upheld, despite protests from Leonski\u2019s defence attorney and two reviews, and General MacArthur signed his death warrant personally on 1 November. He was hanged at Pentridge Prison on 9 November.\u00a0 The Leonski case has been the subject of legal debate ever since, but almost certainly MacArthur wished to send an unequivocal message both to Victorian citizens and to his troops.<\/p>\n\t

Author: Margaret Anderson<\/p>\n

Next page: Housewives to Action!<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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